KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

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About Course

Specific outcomes

  • Explain what the kinetic theory is
  • Describe qualitatively the molecular model of matter.
  • Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory of matter.

EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE

  • The definition of kinetic theory: Matter is made up of discrete individual particles that are continuous in random motion.
  • Structure of matter (solid, liquid, gases) and intermolecular forces: e.g. cohesive and adhesive
  • Change of state of matter in relation to kinetic theory and the kinetic energy of particles

CONTENT:

You will learn that all objects are made of matter, and that different objects are made of different types of matter or materials. These different properties will be explained by studying material’s microscopic structure (the small parts that make up the material which are in constant motion).

You will also explore the smallest building blocks of matter, atoms, their unique properties and how they interact and combine with other atoms. You will as well explore the link between the arrangement of particles and the change of matter’s state.

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What Will You Learn?

  • Explain what the kinetic theory is.
  • Describe qualitatively the molecular model of matter.
  • Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory of matter.
  • Apply kinetic theory to explain rates of diffusion, Brownian motion, evaporation and cooling effect of evaporation.
  • Apply the kinetic theory to explain gas pressure.

Course Content

1.1. ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY
o The kinetic theory of matter states that: o all matter is composed of particles which have a certain amount of energy, which allows them to move at different speeds depending on the temperature (energy); o there are spaces between the particles and also attractive forces between particles when they come close together. o These spaces and forces acting between particles of matter determine its state. o Matter exists in one of three states: solid, liquid and gas. (i) a solid has a fixed shape and volume; (ii) a liquid takes on the shape of the container that it is in; (iii) a gas completely fills the containers that it is in. o Matter can change between these states by either adding heat or removing heat, which in turn accelerates or slows down the particles motion. o The kinetic molecular theory of matter can be used to explain the thermal energy, temperature, and changes of state of a substance. o Melting, boiling, freezing, condensation and sublimation are processes that take place when matter changes state. o understanding the kinetic theory will help to explain the macroscopic properties of matter, and why substances have different boiling points, densities, viscosities, cooling effect of evaporation and gas pressure.

  • ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY
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MOLECULAR MODEL OF MATTER
States of matter Matter exists in the three states of solids, liquids and gas. The physical difference between these three states lies in the arrangement and behaviour of their molecules. These differences can be explained in terms of the Kinetic Theory Model which states that: • Matter is made up of very small particles called molecules • These molecules are in constant motion • The degree of movement which is the measure of kinetic energy depends upon the temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move and therefore the higher the kinetic energy. Notice that the heat energy of a substance is the total kinetic energy of all the molecules or atoms of that substance.

APPLICATION OF ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY
Specific outcomes • Apply kinetic theory to explain rates of diffusion, Brownian motion, evaporation and cooling effect of evaporation. • Apply the kinetic theory to explain gas pressure. CONTENT The kinetic theory of matter will guide in understanding the various properties and behaviour observed in the matter which include the diffusion and its rate in different substances, evaporation and its effect on cooling of the substance, Brownian motion as well as the pressure in gas. KNOWLEDGE • Use of kinetic theory as in Rate of diffusion, Brownian motion, evaporation and cooling effect of evaporation in terms of kinetic theory • Kinetic theory in gas pressure (compressing a gas in a cylinder)

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